PHOTO: Brazil: In December 2001, a girl, Elaine da Paixao Santos, stands in front of a wall on which she has drawn a heart and the inscription "I love you, mom" in Portuguese, on the grounds of the Mother City Foundation in La Paz, a poor neighbourhood in Salvador, capital of the eastern state of Bahia in Brazil. Elaine lives with her grandmother to avoid the fighting in her parents’ home. (UNICEF/HQ01-0442/Claudio Versiani)
Choa, K. (August, 2004). Issue Paper on Bullying and Girls’ Aggression. Prepared by Kim Chao for Senator Landon Pearson.

The Paper draws attention to bullying and our impressions of it over time. Chao argues that for a while bullying was considered a rite of passage, however, with the groundbreaking works of researchers such as Olweus in Scandinavia, and its growing presence in North America, we are starting to look at bullying with increased skepticism and antipathy. The paper focuses particularly on girls’ aggression, why girls prefer indirect aggression, recent developments, cyber bullying, and solutions for the problem.